考研二真题2021 Use of English
① It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, ____1____, to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. ____2____ one and the others become distorted.
② Travel on a London bus and you’ll ____3____ see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to ____4____ that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are ____5____. How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.
③ Why? Because the target is ____6____. People complained that buses were late and infrequent. ____7____, the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were ____8____ or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they ____9____ hit cyclists. If the target was changed to ____10____, you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more ____11____ drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.
④ There is another ____12____: people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you ____13____ that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a ____14____ is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.
⑤ The ____15____ of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well ____16____ others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a ____17____. Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
⑥ This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria ____18____ critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to ____19____ just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better ____20____ the objective.