Last month, Tilly Norwood officially launched her acting career at the Zurich Film Festival. She first appeared in the short film AI Commissioner, released in July. Her producer, Eline Van der Velden, claims Norwood has already attracted the attention of multiple agents. But Norwood was generated with artificial intelligence (AI). The AI “actor” has been created by Xicoia, the AI branch of the production company Particle6. And AI Commissioner is an AI-generated short film, written by ChatGPT. A post on Norwood’s Facebook page read, “I may be AI generated, but I’m feeling very real emotions right now. I am so excited for what’s coming next!” The reception from the industry has been far from warm. Actors – and audiences – have come out in force against Norwood.
Norwood’s existence introduces a new type of technology to Hollywood. Unlike CGI, where a performer’s movements are captured and transformed into a digital character, or an animation which is voiced by a human actor, Norwood has no human behind her performance. Every expression and line delivery is generated by AI. Norwood has been trained on the performances of hundreds of actors, without any payment or consent. Her arrival comes less than two years after the artist strikes that brought Hollywood to a stand-still, with AI a central issue. The strike ended with an agreement limiting digital replicas of actors’ faces and voices, but not banning “synthetic fakes”. SAG-AFTRA said: “To be clear, ‘Tilly Norwood’ is not an actor; it’s a character generated by a computer program trained on countless professional performers – without permission or compensation.”
We consider creativity a human quality. Art is an expression of human experience. Norwood’s performances come not from such creativity, but from a database of pre-existing performances. Human artists’ influence is limited by time, informed by experiences and shaped by perspective. AI has no such limits: Google’s AlphaZero learnt by playing millions of chess games, more than any human. Norwood absorbs hundreds of performances like no actor could. Van der Velden argues Norwood is “a new tool”, but unlike a paintbrush, this tool performs the creative act itself. The AI is tool and artist.
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